The Inferno Depiction And Representation Of Women

A subtopic worth further exploration within The Inferno is the depiction and representation of women. The Inferno mentions very few women throughout, and that makes it all the more salient to analyze the presence of these feminine characters for the fact that they are female carries more weight within the context of the poem than what they say alone. Dante lived in an era when women did not occupy influential roles in the public realm, and were actually discouraged from engaging in intellectual or philosophical debate. Women were not allowed to take part in political discourse nor communicate through the medium of poetry. For the exclusion of women from the historical and literary western canon, Dante’s perception of women in The Divine Comedy can be seen as an underlying framework for further discussion about the consideration of women. What makes Dante’s dialogue even more germane is his use of women from both pagan and Christian epochs, endowed with key virtues of salvation, but closely linked to secular goals (Glenn, xiii-xiv). For The Divine Comedy, women act as both the initial force of inspiration and the final goal of the epic adventure — seen in Dante’s celebration of both Beatrice and the Virgin Mary (Paolucci, 140). The book opens with Dante pilgrim in a state of confusion, only to be instructed on the right path by Beatrice Portinari, Dante Alighieri’s love interest who has now come to life in The Inferno to act as motivator for his journey. It canShow MoreRelatedDorà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Engravings of Punishment of the Avaricious and the Prodigal682 Words   |  3 Pages136 engravings is Punishment of the Avaricious and the Prodigal. This piece is an accurate illustration of The Inferno’s Circle Four because it closely follows Dante’s description in the text, it is creative, and it is well illustrated. Dorà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s depiction of Circle Four is accurate because it closely follows Dante’s description in the text. Dante and Virgil enter Circle Four. Dante notices that â€Å"Here the sinners were more numerous than elsewhere, and they, with great shouts, from opposite sides wereRead MoreDeceit and Sexual Womens Sexual Sins in Dantes Inferno1536 Words   |  7 PagesDeceit and Sexual Women’s Sexual Sins in Dante’s Inferno Dante’s representations of women and feminine sexuality in the Inferno show contrasts within the various natures of women and their sexuality. His era’s vision of the perfect woman one that idealized beauty, passiveness and purity is represented by his life long love Beatrice. 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Women such as Kim Kardashian, Nicki Minaj, Jennifer Lopez are plastered over shows like E!, Entertainment Tonight, TMZ, and other tabloid like shows and reality TV, as the women that other women should aim to look like. The 2010’s is the time of the big booty and, big boobs, and glowing tans, and before then there is a transition from the waif heroinRead MoreGertrude Bell s Persian Pictures : A Study Of The Landscape2986 Words   |  12 Pagesusing the male voice in tackling the landscape in the texts under investigation. The abundant reports, literary narratives, and the variety of representations of the early travellers, present the Orient as strange, eccentric, savage, hostile, irrational, exotic, and mysterious, that has unresolved secrets, alien creatures, sensational women, monstrous and beast-like people. Said claims that it is sufficient for ‘us’ [Orientalists] to ‘set up these boundaries in our minds’, and ‘both the Other’sRead MoreHomosexuality in Victorian and Elizabethan Literature.6608 Words   |  27 Pagesplayed off of the fear and immorality of homosexuality and used those feelings as a basis for their novels. Bram Stoker told a story about a vampire that challenged the Victorian gender roles and managed to reverse them, making men faint like women, and making women powerful like men, and called it Dracula. Mary Shelley created a a physical being out of a mans suppressed homosexuality due to his Victorian male upbringing; a man named Frankenste in. Robert Stevenson described what happens when a homosexual

Top Ten Characteristics of a Multicultural School Environment

Top Ten Characteristics Of A Multicultural School Environment Not all students are the same so they cannot be taught the same way. Their cultures and experiences the way they learn and respond to schooling. Several cultural factors affect the way students behave in a classroom. Each student is different because of physical and mental abilities, gender, ethnicity, race, language, religion, class, sexual orientation, and age (Gollnick and Chin, p.6). Multicultural school has different characteristics. I think the most important is the composition of the faculty, administration, and other staff accurately reflects the pluralistic composition of the United States (Gollnick and Chin, p.7) because this will influence a student’s behavior. The†¦show more content†¦With the persistence of racism, poverty, unemployment, and inequality in major social systems such as education, many persons have found it difficult to reconcile daily realities with the publicized egalitarianism that characterizes the public rhetoric (Gollnick and Chin, p.36). In a multicultural school, students should not experience this, instead, they should experience equality no matter what race, culture, gender or social groups they are involved with. The faculty, administrators, and other staff see themselves as learners enhanced and changed by understanding, affirming, and reflecting cultural diversity (Gollnick and Chin, p.7). The faculty, administrators, and other staff should be open for changes. They should learn on how to interact on different cultures. They should not be one-sided and be open for some changes because it is a part of life. Teachers and administrators are able to deal with questions of race, inter group relations, and controversial realities on an objective, frank, and professional basis (Gollnick and Chin, p.7). States and school districts expect new teachers to have proficiencies related to multicultural education by the time they finish a teacher educationShow MoreRelatedThang EDU 518 Topical Ref List3201 Words   |  13 Pagesin self-efficacy, strong and well directed principal leadership, having a positive and accepting racial climate, smaller class sizes, less harsh discipline with more support to reduce bad behavior, and better communication between parents and the school. Most authors agree, making education more meaningful and purposeful to the students would increase motivation to learn, which would increase success in academics. 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Managerial Decision Making and Managerial Innovation

Question: Discuss about the Managerial Decision Making and Managerial Innovation. Answer: Problem background: In recent years, the demand of workplace has been increasing in an effective manner. Nowadays, employees spend long hours at the workplace due to huge workload. In this context, the organization has been focusing on enhancing their production within short span of time (Wood, Cogin Beckmann, 2009). Consequently, the higher management has been pressurised the employees for increasing their working hour so that they can involve more time on the production (Shanafelt et al., 2012). Hence, the employees are unable to obtain work life balance. However, some of the employees have been suffering stress and other physical problems. Due to this unethical practice of the management, most of the employees have decided to flash this particular news on the local media (Wiese, 2015). On the other hand, the employees believe that the social media would be the best platform for flashing this news. SWOT analysis of the problem Strength the prime strength or the benefit of the work life balance is the improved staff morale and engagement it facilitates the employees to avoid absenteeism and health cost it also helps in recruitment, retention and diminish the employee turnover in the business Weakness Most of the time, the organization is unable to provide flexible work life due to the requirement of high production The particular organization has no clear strategic direction for diminishing the particular issues. On the other hand, the internal operating problems can occur due to poor work-life balance in the business. Opportunity By providing the work-life balance, the organization will be able to increase its production level. The particular organization could motivate employees by providing the healthy work life With the engagement of the work-life balance, the organization would be able to reduce their employee turnover. Threats The particular organization can face challenges in conducting the business, as the employees spread the news on social media. The lack of work life balance can create physical issues that can damage the workforce The poor work life balance can cause loss of sales substitute in the business. On the other hand, it slows down the market growth rate of the business PEST analysis: Political Due to the lack of government policy on work-life balance, the organization is least bother about healthy work atmosphere at the workplace. The local government should focus on developing new legislation for work-life balance, as employees pay tax to the government Economical The Gross Domestic Product per capita is very low due to low production in the business. On the other hand, the high-interest rates create challenges for the business to maintain adequate growth rate. Social In the particular organization, the dominant religion is Christian and the management does not allow diverse culture in the workplace. The organization has biased behavioral approach towards women, as they avoid in promoting female employees Technological the organization has not introduced any technological change that could facilitate employees to execute work in an effective manner Due to the lack of technological innovation, the employees are unable to obtain healthy work life. Problem definition: Work-life balance is one of the key components that enable employees to deliver high class performance in the business (Deepika Rani, 2014). In this particular case, the organization has suddenly increased the working hours for employees to obtain high production. Consequently, employees have to spend 12-14 hours at the workplace which creates the mental illness and family disturbance. By considering the 5Ws Root cause analysis, the problem can be defined in an appropriate manner (Barletta, 2012). What: the organization needs to understand the issues of employees. In the idle situation, the organization should provide flexible work atmosphere to the employees. By reducing extra work load from the employees, the organization could improve the situation. Where: the physical structure or the location of the problem is in the workplace itself. When: the problem arises during the work timing when employees feel overburdened with the workload. Who: this particular problem has been affecting the employees and their performance. Due to the extra workload, employees are unable spend extra time with their family at home. Why: the prime rationale of the issue is that the organization wants to improve its production line within small amount of time. Consequently, the management is forcing the employees to deliver extra hour of works at the workplace. Figure 1: 5Ws root cause analysis (Source: Jones, Burke Westman, 2013) Solution generation: An effective work life can be provided to the employees by simply allowing them for flexible work shifts. In this particular scenario, the organization can enhance its work force to meet their expectation (Jones, Burke Westman, 2013). Consequently, it would not create any challenges for the existing employees. On the other hand, the flexible work shifts would also facilitate the organization in delivering balanced life to the employees (Blanchard, 2012). In the rotational shift format, the employees can choose shifts according to their personal work schedule. Consequently, it would be beneficial for the organization to improve the production of the business within short span of time. By analysing the De Bonos Six Thinking Hats, the solution can be generated for the particular issue. Red hat If the organization reacts to the emotions of the employees, they must reduce the shift timing for reducing the extra workload of the staffs at the workplace. On the other hand, the organization could implement extra monetary benefits for conducting overtime at the workplace. White hat By analyzing the facts and figures, in recent days, the organization has experienced huge employee turnover due to imbalanced work-life challenges. Consequently, the production of the organization can be extended due to the low workforce. The sales margin of the business got decreased due to low quality products manufactured by employees. Black hat To implement the appropriate changes in the workplace, the higher authority or the management needs to accumulate the feedbacks from their existing employees. It can be assessed that the management needs to impose logical judgment to reduce this particular issues from the workplace. Green hat The management needs to implement creative solution for diminishing the particular issue. The organization can allow the employees to execute the work from home so that they can lead a stress free life. Rotational shift is another way of reducing the absenteeism at the workplace. The employees should be rewarded by the monetary benefits for delivering extra hour of work in the workplace. Employee recognition is another important part of motivating employees in the workplace. Blue hat The process of change needs to be executed in a systematic manner so that the workflow can be maintained at the workplace. In the thinking process, the organization needs to involve the employees for accumulating their individual thoughts on the issue. At the initial stage of the changing phase, the organization is required to distribute the workload equally among the employees and the management needs to enhance the workforce in the business. Yellow hat By implementing the change in the business, the organization will be able to improve the staff morale along with the high production in the business. On the other hand, the management will be benefitted due to decreased employee turnover The work-life balance will ensure the organization for long-term sustainability in the business. Solution evaluation: The organization can improve the situation by implementing flexibility at the workplace. Most of the time, the management avoid taking feedbacks from the employees regarding new strategy implementation (Richmond Rohlfing, 2013). The management could implement several strategies for diminishing the particular issue from the business. The organization could provide high monetary benefits for working extra time at the workplace. On the other hand, the management can maintain work life balance considering several facts including flex time, compressed workweek; job-sharing, telecommuting, and permanent and part-time work arrange (Burg-Brown, 2013). By analysing the decision-making process, the solution of the issue can be identified in an appropriate manner. Decision-making process: The decision making process consists of six stages including identification of problem, analysing issue, developing the alternative solutions, selecting the best solution, converting the decision into action and following up the taken action (Freeburg et al., 2014) Problem identification: The basic problem at the workplace is that the employees are unable to lead a balanced life due to huge workload (Goldfarb et al., 2012). Consequently, the management of the organization has been facing employee turnover issue that affect the production. Moreover, the employees have decided to take the legal action against the management. Hence, it might damage the brand reputation of the business. Analysing issue By analysing the issue, it can be assessed that the organization has been facing challenges in executing business in an appropriate manner due to lack of work flexibility. The management is least bother to provide extra benefits to the employees for motivating them at the workplace. Consequently, the particular issue is hampering the business. Developing the alternative solution: There are several options available for the management to diminish the work life challenges from the business. The management could implement flex time, compressed workweek, job-sharing, and telecommuting process at the workplace for reducing the extra stress of the employees (Kim, MacDonald Andersen, 2013). On the other hand, the organization could enhance the workforce for reducing the workload from the existing employees of the company. Moreover, the management could arrange extra monetary benefits for the employees who worked overtime at the workplace. Best solution selection: The best solution for reducing the work life challenges is to implement the flexible and rotational shift timing with high monetary benefits. By implementing the particular strategy into the business, the management could ensure work life balance for the employees. Decision making: For implementing the particular strategy into the business, the human resource management needs to include different shift timing for the employees (Zsambok Klein, 2014). Moreover, the organization needs to increase the investment of the business for providing extra monetary benefits to the employees. Follow up the taken action: After implementing the process, the organization needs to implement a monitoring process for tracking the progress of the business. The management would engage 6months timeframe to track the process. If there are any flaws then the management will change the strategy accordingly. Figure 2: Decision-making process (Source: Damanpour Aravind, 2012) Implementation and action plan: The organization needs to identify the driving forces and restraining forces for understanding the process of change. In this particular situation, the prime issue is that the employees are unable to lead a health and balanced life due to huge work pressure at the workplace (Marcek, 2013). On the other hand, the lack of work life balanced has been causing the high employee turnover in the business. By developing the force field model, it will be easier to identify the process of change. Force field model analysis: Driving forces and restraining forces are listed in the below table: Driving forces: Scores High workforce management 4 High employee morale 3 Huge productivity in the business 5 Total Scores 12 Restraining forces: Scores Providing extra cost to the employees 3 Allowing employees to execute flexible shifts 2 The organization can face conflicts from employees 3 Total Scores 8 By analysing the above table it can be identified that the driving forces are high work force management, high morale and high productivity. The total score of the driven force is 12. On the other hand, the restraining forces are extra cost for employees, providing flexible shifts and to face the employees conflicts at the workplace. The total scores in the restraining force are 8. Consequently, the high score of the driving forces indicate that the organization needs to provide the work life balance to the employees for obtaining high growth in the business. Figure 3: Force field model on work life balance (Source: Created by author) References: Barletta, J. (2012). Work-life balance.Home Therapist: A Practical, Self-help Guide For Everyday Psychological Problems, The, 3. Blanchard, M. H. (2012). Work life balance?.Obstetrics Gynecology,119(1), 177-179. Burg-Brown, S. (2013). Work-life balance.Journal of Property Management,78(4), 48-54. Damanpour, F., Aravind, D. (2012). Managerial innovation: Conceptions, processes, and antecedents.Management and Organization Review,8(2), 423-454. Deepika, M., Rani, M. M. (2014). WORK LIFE BALANCE. Freeburg, M., LaBrozzi, R., Mamberg, M., O'Connor, E., Wu, T. C. T. (2014). Work/Life Balance?. Goldfarb, A., Ho, T. H., Amaldoss, W., Brown, A. L., Chen, Y., Cui, T. H., ... Xiao, M. (2012). Behavioral models of managerial decision-making.Marketing Letters,23(2), 405-421. Jones, F., Burke, R. J., Westman, M. (2013).Work-life balance: A psychological perspective. Psychology Press. Kim, H., MacDonald, R. H., Andersen, D. F. (2013). Simulation and Managerial Decision Making: A Doubleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Loop Learning Framework.Public Administration Review,73(2), 291-300. Marcek, D. (2013). Risk scenes of managerial decision-making with incomplete information: An assessment in forecasting models based on statistical and neural networks approach.Journal of Risk Analysis and Crisis Response,3(1), 13-21. Richmond, G. L., Rohlfing, C. M. (2013). Work-Life Balance. Shanafelt, T. D., Boone, S., Tan, L., Dyrbye, L. N., Sotile, W., Satele, D., ... Oreskovich, M. R. (2012). Burnout and satisfaction with work-life balance among US physicians relative to the general US population.Archives of internal medicine,172(18), 1377-1385. Wiese, B. S. (2015). Work-life-balance. InWirtschaftspsychologie(pp. 227-244). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Wood, R. E., Cogin, J., Beckmann, J. (2009).Managerial problem solving: Frameworks, tools, techniques. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Zsambok, C. E., Klein, G. (2014).Naturalistic decision making. Psychology Press.

Testbacksecurity Essay Example

Testbacksecurity Essay Chapter 2 Why Security is Needed TRUE/FALSE 1. Information security’s primary mission is to ensure that systems and their contents retain their confidentiality at all costs. ANS:FPTS:1 2. Information security safeguards the technology assets in use at the organization. ANS:TPTS:1 3. A firewall is a mechanism that keeps certain kinds of network traffic out of a private network. ANS:TPTS:1 4. An act of theft performed by a hacker falls into the category of â€Å"theft,† but is also often accompanied by defacement actions to delay discovery and thus may also be placed within the category of â€Å"forces of nature. ANS:FPTS:1 5. Two watchdog organizations that investigate allegations of software abuse: SIIA and NSA. ANS:FPTS:1 6. A number of technical mechanisms—digital watermarks and embedded code, copyright codes, and even the intentional placement of bad sectors on software media—have been used to enforce copyright laws. ANS:TPTS:1 7. A worm requires that another program is running before it can begin functioning. ANS:FPTS:1 8. A worm can deposit copies of itself onto all Web servers that the infected system can reach, so that users who subsequently visit those sites become infected. ANS:TPTS:1 9. Attacks conducted by scripts are usually unpredictable. ANS:FPTS:1 10. Expert hackers are extremely talented individuals who usually devote lots of time and energy to attempting to break into other people’s information systems. ANS:TPTS:1 11. With the removal of copyright protection, software can be easily distributed and installed. ANS:TPTS:1 12. Forces of nature, force majeure, or acts of God can present some of the most dangerous threats, because they are usually occur with very little warning and are beyond the control of people. ANS:TPTS:1 13. Much human error or failure can be prevented with training and ongoing awareness activities. ANS:TPTS:1 14. Compared to Web site defacement, vandalism within a network is less malicious in intent and more public. ANS:FPTS:1 15. With electronic information is stolen, the crime is readily apparent. ANS:FPTS:1 16. Organizations can use dictionaries to disallow passwords during the reset process and thus guard against easy-to-guess passwords. ANS:TPTS:1 17. DoS attacks cannot be launched against routers. ANS:FPTS:1 18. A mail bomb is a form of DoS. ANS:TPTS:1 19. We will write a custom essay sample on Testbacksecurity specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Testbacksecurity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Testbacksecurity specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A sniffer program shows all the data going by on a network segment including passwords, the data inside files—such as word-processing documents—and screens full of sensitive data from applications. ANS:TPTS:1 20. A timing attack involves the interception of cryptographic elements to determine keys and encryption algorithms. ANS:TPTS:1 MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE 1. Intellectual property is defined as â€Å"the ownership of ideas and control over the tangible or virtual representation of those ideas. † _________________________ ANS:TPTS:1 2. The macro virus infects the key operating system files located in a computer’s boot sector. ________________________ ANS:F, boot PTS:1 3. Once a(n) back door has infected a computer, it can redistribute itself to all e-mail addresses found on the infected system. _________________________ ANS:F virus worm PTS:1 4. A(n) polymorphic threat is one that over time changes the way it appears to antivirus software programs, making it undetectable by techniques that look for preconfigured signatures. _________________________ ANS:TPTS:1 5. When voltage levels surge (experience a momentary increase), the extra voltage can severely damage or destroy equipment. ________________________ ANS:F, spike PTS:1 6. The shoulder looking technique is used in public or semipublic settings when individuals gather information they are not authorized to have by looking over another individual’s shoulder or viewing the information from a distance. _________________________ ANS:F, surfing PTS:1 7. Hackers are â€Å"people who use and create computer software to gain access to information illegally. † _________________________ ANS:TPTS:1 8. Packet kiddies use automated exploits to engage in distributed denial-of-service attacks. _________________________ ANS:F, monkeys PTS:1 9. The term phreaker is now commonly associated with an individual who cracks or removes software protection that is designed to prevent unauthorized duplication. _________________________ ANS:F, cracker PTS:1 10. Cyberterrorists hack systems to conduct terrorist activities via network or Internet pathways. _________________________ ANS:TPTS:1 11. The malicious code attack includes the execution of viruses, worms, Trojan horses, and active Web scripts with the intent to destroy or steal information. _________________________ ANS:TPTS:1 12. The application of computing and network resources to try every possible combination of options of a password is called a brute crack attack. _________________________ ANS:F, force PTS:1 13. One form of e-mail attack that is also a DoS is called a mail spoof, in which an attacker routes large quantities of e-mail to the target. _________________________ ANS:F, bomb PTS:1 14. Sniffers often work on TCP/IP networks, where they’re sometimes called packet sniffers. _________________________ ANS:TPTS:1 15. A(n) cookie can allow an attacker to collect information on how to access password-protected sites. ________________________ ANS:TPTS:1 MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following functions does information security perform for an organization? a. |Protecting the organization’s ability to function. | b. |Enabling the safe operation of applications implemented on the organization’s IT systems. | c. |Protecting the data the organization collects and uses. | d. |All of t he above. | ANS:DPTS:1 2. ____ is an integrated system of software, encryption methodologies, and legal agreements that can be used to support the entire information infrastructure of an organization. a. |SSL|c. |PKC| b. |PKI|d. |SIS| ANS:BPTS:1 3. ____ are software programs that hide their true nature, and reveal their designed behavior only when activated. a. |Viruses|c. |Spam| b. |Worms|d. |Trojan horses| ANS:DPTS:1 4. Which of the following is an example of a Trojan horse program? a. |Netsky|c. |Klez| b. |MyDoom|d. |Happy99. exe| ANS:DPTS:1 5. As frustrating as viruses and worms are, perhaps more time and money is spent on resolving virus ____. a. |false alarms|c. |hoaxes| b. |power faults|d. |urban legends| ANS:CPTS:1 6. Web hosting services are usually arranged with an agreement providing minimum service levels known as a(n) ____. . |SSL|c. |MSL| b. |SLA|d. |MIN| ANS:BPTS:1 7. Complete loss of power for a moment is known as a ____. a. |sag|c. |brownout| b. |fault|d. |blackout| ANS:BPTS:1 8. Acts of ____ can lead to unauthorized real or virtual actions that enable information gatherers to enter premises or systems they have not been authorized to enter. a. |bypass|c. |trespass| b. |nature|d. |security| ANS:CP TS:1 9. There are generally two skill levels among hackers: expert and ____. a. |novice|c. |packet monkey| b. |journeyman|d. |professional| ANS:APTS:1 10. One form of online vandalism is ____ operations, which interfere with or disrupt systems to protest the operations, policies, or actions of an organization or government agency. a. |hacktivist|c. |hackcyber| b. |phvist|d. |cyberhack| ANS:APTS:1 11. According to Mark Pollitt, ____ is the premeditated, politically motivated attacks against information, computer systems, computer programs, and data which result in violence against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents. a. |infoterrorism|c. |hacking| b. |cyberterrorism|d. |cracking| ANS:BPTS:1 12. ___ is any technology that aids in gathering information about a person or organization without their knowledge. a. |A bot|c. |Trojan| b. |Spyware|d. |Worm| ANS:BPTS:1 13. The ____ data file contains the hashed representation of the user’s password. a. |SLA|c. |FBI| b. |SNMP|d. |SAM| ANS:DPTS:1 14. In a ____ attack, the attacker sends a large number of connection or information requests to a target. a. |denial- of-service|c. |virus| b. |distributed denial-of-service|d. |spam| ANS:APTS:1 15. A ____ is an attack in which a coordinated stream of requests is launched against a target from many locations at the same time. . |denial-of-service|c. |virus| b. |distributed denial-of-service|d. |spam| ANS:BPTS:1 16. ____ are machines that are directed remotely (usually by a transmitted command) by the attacker to participate in an attack. a. |Drones|c. |Zombies| b. |Helpers|d. |Servants| ANS:CPTS:1 17. In the well-known ____ attack, an attacker monitors (or sniffs) packets from the network, modifies them, and inserts them back into the network. a. |zombie-in-the-middle|c. |server-in-the-middle| b. |sniff-in-the-middle|d. |man-in-the-middle| ANS:DPTS:1 18. The ____ hijacking attack uses IP spoofing to enable an attacker to impersonate another entity on the network. a. |WWW|c. |FTP| b. |TCP|d. |HTTP| ANS:BPTS:1 19. â€Å"4-1-9† fraud is an example of a ____ attack. a. |social engineering|c. |worm| b. |virus|d. |spam| ANS:APTS:1 20. Microsoft acknowledged that if you type a res:// URL (a Microsoft-devised type of URL) which is longer than ____ characters in Internet Explorer 4. 0, the browser will crash. a. |64|c. |256| b. |128|d. |512| ANS:CPTS:1 COMPLETION 1. A(n) ____________________ is an object, person, or other entity that represents an ongoing danger to an asset. ANS:threat PTS:1 2. Duplication of software-based intellectual property is more commonly known as software ____________________. ANS:piracy PTS:1 3. A computer virus consists of segments of code that perform ____________________ actions. ANS:malicious PTS:1 4. A(n) ____________________ is a malicious program that replicates itself constantly, without requiring another program environment. ANS:worm PTS:1 5. A virus or worm can have a payload that installs a(n) ____________________ door or trap door component in a system, which allows the attacker to access the system at will with special privileges. ANS:back PTS:1 6. A momentary low voltage is called a(n) ____________________. ANS:sag PTS:1 7. Some information gathering techniques are quite legal, for example, using a Web browser to perform market research. These legal techniques are called, collectively, competitive ____________________. ANS:intelligence PTS:1 8. When information gatherers employ techniques that cross the threshold of what is legal or ethical, they are conducting industrial ____________________. ANS:espionage PTS:1 9. The expert hacker sometimes is called ____________________ hacker. ANS:elite PTS:1 10. Script ____________________ are hackers of limited skill who use expertly written software to attack a system. ANS:kiddies PTS:1 11. A(n) ____________________ hacks the public telephone network to make free calls or disrupt services. ANS:phreaker PTS:1 12. ESD means electrostatic ____________________. ANS:discharge PTS:1 13. A(n) ____________________ is an act that takes advantage of a vulnerability to compromise a controlled system. ANS:attack PTS:1 14. A(n) ____________________ is an identified weakness in a controlled system, where controls are not present or are no longer effective. ANS:vulnerability PTS:1 5. Attempting to reverse-calculate a password is called ____________________. ANS:cracking PTS:1 16. ____________________ is a technique used to gain unauthorized access to computers, wherein the intruder sends messages with a source IP address that has been forged to indicate that the messages are coming from a trusted host. ANS:Spoofing PTS:1 17. ____________________ is unsol icited commercial e-mail. ANS:Spam PTS:1 18. In the context of information security, ____________________ is the process of using social skills to convince people to reveal access credentials or other valuable information to the attacker. ANS:social engineering PTS:1 19. The timing attack explores the contents of a Web browser’s ____________________. ANS:cache PTS:1 20. A(n) ____________________ is an application error that occurs when more data is sent to a program buffer than it is designed to handle. ANS: buffer overrun buffer overflow PTS:1 ESSAY 1. List at least six general categories of threat. ANS: Compromises to intellectual property : piracy, copyright infringement Software attacks : viruses, worms macros, denial of service Deviations in quality of service : ISP, power, or wan service issues from service providers Espionage or trespass : unauthorized access and /or data collection Sabotage or vandalism : destruction of system or information Forces of nature Human error or failure Information extortion Missing, inadequate, or incomplete Missing, inadequate, or incomplete controls Theft Technical hardware failures or errors Technical software failures or errors Technological obsolescence PTS:1 2. Describe viruses and worms. ANS: A computer virus consists of segments of code that perform malicious actions. The code attaches itself to the existing program and takes control of that program’s access to the targeted computer. The virus-controlled target program then carries out the virus’s plan, by replicating itself into additional targeted systems. A worm is a malicious program that replicates itself constantly, without requiring another program to provide a safe environment for replication. Worms can continue replicating themselves until they completely fill available resources, such as memory, hard drive space, and network bandwidth. PTS:1 3. Describe the capabilities of a sniffer. ANS: A sniffer is a program or device that can monitor data traveling over a network. Sniffers can be used both for legitimate network management functions and for stealing information from a network. Unauthorized sniffers can be extremely dangerous to a network’s security, because they are virtually impossible to detect and can be inserted almost anywhere. Sniffers often work on TCP/IP networks, where they’re sometimes called packet sniffers. A sniffer program shows all the data going by, including passwords, the data inside files and screens full of sensitive data from applications. PTS:1